Oats throughout the growing season are exposed to numerous diseases and pests, which ultimately affects the yield and plant quality. Globally, oat loss from pest activity is 8%, from various diseases - 9.3%.
Oat diseases: symptoms, treatment and prevention
The most effective way to fight diseases and pests is to cultivate varieties that are resistant to viruses and bacteria. The complexity of the fight against diseases of this culture lies in the fact that each pathogen forms many subspecies, which in turn affect the development of oats in different ways.
Solid oat smut
The causative agent of the disease is a basidiomycete, which affects panicles and turns them into a spore mass. Its spores begin to germinate at a temperature of 6-10 degrees. Covered smut of oats is found in all areas of culture growth. Infection occurs in the soil, in the process of seed germination. Spores are sprayed a little, so they remain on the inflorescences until the harvest.
In the CIS countries, there are 4 physiological races of the pathogen fungus that cause the development of covered smut. In addition to cultivated oats, these varieties also affect its wild species.
The disease manifests itself in the following symptoms:
- replacing the grain with a spore mass (outwardly it looks like a blackened grain);
- compact panicle associated with the underdevelopment of branches of affected inflorescences;
- premature ripening of plants.
Covered smut of oats adversely affects the qualitative and quantitative indicators of the crop. If symptoms of the disease are detected, it is necessary to treat the entire area of the sowing with fungicidal preparations that inhibit the pathogen fungus.
Preventive actions:
- Compliance with crop rotation rules. Plots with seed crops should be located at least 1 km from marketable crops to reduce the risk of the spread of diseases.
- Thorough pre-sowing treatment of planting material. Oat seeds can be pickled with a formalin solution (1.25%).
- Seed treatment before planting with systemic fungicides from the group of triazoles or benzimidazoles.
- The use of quality seeds without signs of spoilage and disease.
- Compliance with the recommended sowing dates.
- The use of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers instead of nitrogen.
After threshing oats, in which signs of smut were found, it is recommended to treat the stubble with drugs that accelerate its decomposition and destroy fungi and other pathogens.
Oat dust smut
This cereal disease causes smut fungus. Its symptoms appear on oat panicles. Under the influence of a pathogenic microorganism, spikelets are completely destroyed. Just like coated smut, this disease is found everywhere where this crop is grown.
The temperature favorable for the development of the fungus is from 5 to 32 degrees. The maximum activity of the pathogen is observed at a temperature of 25 degrees.
Primary infection occurs at the flowering stage: spores fall on the weevils, transported together with the wind or with raindrops. The spore germinates, spreads under the film, where the pathogen awaits the winter. In spring, the fungus activates and develops along with oats. During this period, a new mycelium forms, which penetrates to the growth point and develops throughout the plant, up to the ovaries.
The following factors contribute to the development of the disease:
- soil temperature within 16-19 degrees for the period of sowing seeds;
- windy and humid weather during flowering culture.
Late crops are especially susceptible to the disease.
Symptoms of the smut smut of oats:
- violation of the growth and development of affected plants;
- the formation of denser panicles with branches sticking out in different directions;
- the appearance of dark spores on spikelets, which freely spread in the wind and fall on other plants;
- the upper spikelets of oats may remain intact; full seeds are formed in them.
The disease harms the culture, manifested in a shortage of grain and a decrease in plant germination. Treatment depends on at what stage of development the smut pathogen was detected:
- if it was found in winter, before the infection penetrated into the plant, then the seeds can be etched using fungicides from triazoles and benzimidazoles;
- if the smut was found during the flowering of plants, then plantings must be treated with fungicides.
Preventive actions:
- the use of pathogen resistant varieties;
- spatial isolation of seed plots from agricultural crops (at least 500 m);
- disinfection of agricultural equipment, as well as processing equipment;
- seed treatment before planting with systemic drugs.
Dung smut fungicides:
- Scarlet
- Rakzan;
- Corriolis.
These drugs also act effectively against root rot and brown spotting.
It is strictly forbidden to sell and sow seeds collected from crops that have been smutty.
Powdery mildew
Powdery mildew affects the entire aerial part of the plant. The causative agent of the disease is a marsupial fungus that destroys chlorophyll and other pigments, as well as reducing the resistance of the culture to lodging.
Powdery mildew not only affects the quantitative indicators of the crop: with this disease, the protein and starch content in oats is significantly reduced. The disease occurs everywhere, but causes the greatest harm to plants in the forest-steppe and steppe zone.
Manifestations of the disease:
- cobwebby white plaque on the surface of the plant’s aboveground organs, which eventually turns into mealy pads resembling cotton wool;
- Matte stains on top of leaf blades.
To combat powdery mildew, these biological preparations are used:
- Planzir. It can be used at any stage in the development of culture, as well as combined with chemical preparations.
- Fitosporin-M. The tool is suitable for any crop. Spraying is recommended to be carried out in cloudy weather or in the evening, since the active substance of the drug is sensitive to sunlight.
Chemicals will help in the most advanced cases of cereal disease. Popular remedies: Vitaros, Topaz. When working with chemicals, it is necessary to use personal protective equipment for hands and respiratory organs.
They also fight powdery mildew with folk remedies, for example, they spray oats with a solution of wood resin or cow's milk.
To prevent the development of powdery mildew you need:
- use relatively resistant to this disease varieties of oats;
- promptly remove plant debris from sites;
- comply with the timing of planting crops.
Anthracnose
The causative agent of the disease is an imperfect mushroom that infects the stems of plants. Anthracnose is especially widespread in areas with high humidity. The source of infection is overwintered plant debris. The pathogen also spreads with the seeds.
Manifestations of the disease:
- the appearance of brown small spots of oval shape on the stems;
- the formation of dark oblong "pads" with a diameter of 0.1 to 1 mm;
- blackening of the roots.
To combat oats anthracnosis, chemical and biological preparations are used. The effect is given by such means:
- Fitosporin M (non-toxic biofungicide);
- Fundazole;
- Tiovit Jet based on sulfur;
- Poliram (contact fungicide).
For prevention, you need:
- use only healthy seed for planting;
- use top dressing that increase the immunity of the culture (phosphorus-potassium fertilizers);
- follow recommendations regarding sowing dates.
Stem (linear) rust
This is a common fungal disease of oats, which occurs during the period of milk or wax ripeness of grains. The causative agent of stem rust - the dioecious fungus - affects the stems and leaves of the culture.
Linear rust causes great damage to the crop: with a strong development of the disease, grain shortage can reach 60%. In addition, the culture significantly reduces the content of nutrients.
The main manifestation of the disease is the formation of elongated rusty-brown spots with tubercles on the surface of the leaves. The causative agent of linear rust rarely affects spikelet scales.
A way to combat the disease is to treat the affected crops with fungicides. Kansel and Avakss are doing a good job of it.
Prevention measures are as follows:
- preventing the planting of barberry near the cereal, as this plant is an intermediate host of the pathogen;
- the use of resistant varieties;
- the introduction of increased standards of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers;
- compliance with the terms and rules of planting crops.
White spotting
A fungal disease that occurs as a result of the activity of an imperfect fungus. The pathogenic microorganism remains on parts of the affected plants, less often - on the seeds. In summer, fungal spores spread with rain and air masses. The yield deficit in this disease is 3-5%.
Symptoms of white spotting:
- the appearance of oblong spots of gray-green or yellow on the surface of the leaves;
- the appearance of black dots on each surface of the sheet;
- drying of the deciduous mass.
Especially intensively, the fungus develops during the development of the culture between throwing a panicle and the beginning of the wax maturity of the grain.
For treatment and prevention, fungicidal solutions should be used.
Septoria oats
Septoria causes an imperfect mushroom, which is a highly specialized pathogen. Its mycelium spreads through the intercellular spaces. Affected plants dry prematurely, so the level of yield is reduced by 5-10%, and sometimes more. Sugar content is reduced in affected plants.
More often, the disease develops under conditions of high humidity, in the second half of the growing season of the culture. Rarely does it appear at the seedling stage. There are no varieties of oats resistant to septoria.
The disease is expressed in the following symptoms:
- the formation on the leaves of small spots of elongated yellow shape with a brown border;
- the appearance in the central part of the spots of black dots that are immersed in the tissue of the leaves;
- blanching of tissues in the area of spots;
- rotting and subsequent dropping of the stem.
Fungicides are used to combat the disease. Effective means are:
- Bordeaux mixture;
- Nitrofen;
- Phthalan;
- Profit;
- The Order
Only chemical agents will give an effect with an advanced degree of the disease.
Prevention of the development of white spotted oats:
- timely spraying of the soil with fungicidal solutions;
- timely removal of weeds;
- timely application of necessary fertilizers in the soil;
- compliance with crop rotation standards.
Oats Bacterial Leaf Burn
The development of the disease is provoked by bacteria - non-spore gram-positive sticks. Pathogens persist on the remains of affected plants, as well as seeds. Bacterial leaf burn usually has a focal character. A disease can cause a shortage of 5% of the crop and more. There are no resistant varieties of oats.
The burn is manifested in the formation of spots on the leaves. Initially, they have a light brown, reddish color, small size. Then the spots become more elongated. As the disease progresses, the leaves turn red and eventually dry.
They fight this disease with drugs, the main active ingredient of which is mancozeb. Biological preparations are also used to eliminate the disease; Phytolavin 300 and Agate 25K are effective.
To prevent the development of a bacterial disease of this crop, you need to:
- promptly remove plant debris from the fields;
- use only high-quality and healthy seeds for sowing;
- perform preventive seed dressing before planting with granosan at a concentration of 1.8-2.3%.
Halo burn (bacteriosis)
The disease occurs under the influence of gram-negative bacteria, is widespread. The causative agent of halo bacteriosis affects leaves, flakes and grains. Bacterial microorganisms spread along with the wind and raindrops, can persist on plant debris for a year or more. Halo burns reduce plant productivity and seed germination ability by 2-5%.
The manifestations of the disease are diverse:
- the formation of spots with a diameter of 4-5 mm on the leaves, which first have a light green color, and then become red-brown;
- merging of some spots, due to which the sheet plate is modified;
- wrinkling of the affected leaves and drying of their edges;
- the appearance of seeds susceptible to decay.
The same fungicides that are suitable for controlling leaf burn are used to treat oat bacteriosis of oats.
To prevent the disease, it is necessary to follow the recommendations on crop rotation, as well as use varieties resistant to bacteriosis: Bug, Sinelnikovsky 29 and Sovetsky.
Yellow dwarfism
The disease is viral in nature. Its causative agent is a virus transmitted from plant to plant aphids. In their body, it can remain for up to 120 hours. The yellow dwarf virus does not persist in wintering plants, nor does it spread with seeds and mechanically. Particular harm to the culture is done during dry periods.
The following factors contribute to the development of the disease:
- winter with frost;
- lingering autumn with frequent rains;
- excess nitrogen.
Symptoms of the disease:
- leaf hardness;
- the appearance of yellow stripes on the surface of the deciduous part;
- redness of the leaves;
- vertical growth of leaves;
- growth disorder;
- spikes may not form on plants affected by the yellow dwarf virus.
To protect the crop, you need:
- fight virus carriers using insecticides;
- fight weeds, which are carriers and reserves of the virus (seedlings and weeds of cereals).
Crown rust
The disease develops due to the activity of the parasite fungus, undergoing the development of the full type. A pathogenic microorganism affects oat leaves, much less often - stems. Crown rust is widespread in all oat growing regions. It does the most harm in regions with a wetter and warmer climate. Late crops are affected to a greater extent.
The onset of the development of the disease is noted after throwing a panicle or when pouring grain. Symptoms of oat crown rust:
- the formation of round orange pustules on leaves and stems;
- the appearance of black rings with a shiny surface on the underside of the sheet.
To treat the disease, vegetative plants are treated with fungicidal solutions:
- Zoltan;
- Title 390;
- Altazole
To prevent the development of the disease before sowing, the seeds are treated with the fungicides Tebu-60 and Raxil. Also, before sowing, the material can be treated with a solution of potassium permanganate. Another important condition for the prevention of crown rust is the timely introduction of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers in sufficient quantities.
Resistant oats varieties resistant to this disease: Lgovsky 1026, Horizon.
Oats pupping
The disease is caused by a virus carried by dark cicadas. Infection occurs in the regions of the Far East and Siberia. Varieties of oats resistant to puppetation do not exist.
Manifestations of the disease:
- the appearance on the surface of leaves of the culture of strokes and spots of light green;
- sharp growth of shoots (the bush forms up to 60 stems);
- violation of the growth and development of culture;
- redness of the leaves, which eventually turn brown and become hard;
- atypical lengthening of the ovaries.
The consequences of the disease depend on what stage of development of the culture it manifested. To prevent pupping, it is necessary to peel the stubble in a timely manner, deep plow the land, destroy weeds, sow oats at the recommended time.
Pesticides for processing crops against annual and perennial weeds that contribute to the transfer of viruses or fungi:
- Tornado (protection period - 50 days);
- Triassic (protection period - 56 days).
These drugs are used to spray crops.
Olive (brown) oat mold
A fungal disease caused by an imperfect microorganism. Olive mold is observed in many regions where cereals are grown, but most often - in places with high levels of humidity. Another name for the disease is cladosporiosis. The disease can cause a loss of 20% of the crop or more.
Manifestations of the disease occur in the summer, during a period of heavy rainfall. They are expressed in such signs:
- the appearance of a velvety, olive-black coating on the surface of inflorescences and stems;
- blackening of the outer film of grains;
- the appearance of black spots and grooves on the grain surface.
Penetrating into the grain, the pathogenic fungus saturates it with toxic substances and makes it toxic to humans and animals.
During the formation of spikelets and flowering to combat cladosporiosis, you can use the following fungicides:
- Triad;
- Title 390;
- Chapel.
Prevention measures:
- fight against aphids, as these pests weaken the plant and make it more susceptible to fungal infections;
- weed control;
- autumn plowing after harvesting;
- timely application of organic and mineral fertilizers.
Red brown spotting
The causative agent of the disease is an imperfect mushroom. The disease is observed everywhere in the regions where cereals are grown. If the disease takes on a large-scale nature, then crop losses can be at least 10%.
Red-brown spotting affects flower and spikelet scales, leaves, and in some cases - grain. Brown or dark gray spots with a reddish fringing form on these parts. With increased humidity, an olive-colored coating forms on the surface of the spots. The leaves affected by the fungus dry and fall off.
To cope with the disease, it is recommended to use the fungicide Avakss.
For prevention, seedlings should be treated with fungicides Pioneer, Grandsil Ultra.
Sclerosporosis (downy mildew)
A fungal disease that is common in regions with high levels of humidity. The pathogen affects all the aerial organs of culture. Crop deficiency with the development of sclerosporosis - 5%. Varieties of oats resistant to this disease are not.
Manifestations of sclerosporosis:
- the formation of brown spots with fuzzy forms on the surface of leaves and stems;
- the appearance of light gray plaque on the leaves;
- areas of swelling on spikelets;
- slow growth of plants.
Treatment consists in the use of fungicidal solutions, which are used for other fungal diseases of cereal crops.
Prevention consists of the following measures:
- prevention of waterlogging of the soil;
- removal of all plant residues after harvesting;
- compliance with crop rotation rules.
Fusarium
Fatsariosis of oats is a viral disease, the development of which is provoked by fungi. Pathogenic microorganisms are able to saturate the grain with toxins, so it becomes unsuitable for consumption.
The causative agent affects seedlings and vegetative plants. The fungus is stored in the form of mycelium on the seeds, as well as in the form of spores and mycelium on the remains of plant crops. Uncontrolled development of the disease can lead to a loss of 15-20% of the crop and loss of grain quality up to 100%.
Factors that increase the risk of infection with cereal fusariosis:
- minimum tillage;
- the cultivation of susceptible to fungus varieties of oats;
- increased level of moisture during the flowering period of the crop.
Symptoms of infection:
- withering of seedlings;
- discoloration of the germinal roots to brown and their drying;
- thinning crops;
- decay of secondary roots;
- Fusarium-affected grain is pinkish or discolored.
The best way to combat oats fusarium is to use fungicidal agents (azoles). It is possible to process the culture with such preparations during the flowering period.
Preventive measures include:
- crop rotation compliance;
- plowing the soil;
- removal of plant residues.
Oats pests: symptoms, treatment and prevention
Various pests affect the quality of the oat crop and its quantity. Certain types of parasites appear only at a certain stage of plant development. Pests become the cause of deterioration of the technological and physical qualities of grain, thinning seedlings, partial or complete whiteness.
In Russia, more than 130 species of pests have been recorded that adversely affect the quality and productivity of cereal crops, including oats.
Swedish fly
Swedish oat fly is a pest of cereals. Belongs to the most dangerous type. The larvae of the fly infect shoots and spikelets of oats throughout the entire growing season. The insect is common in the European part of Russia. Oatmeal causes significant losses, damaging from 2 to 20%, and in some years - from 40 to 60% of the stems. This is a hardy insect: it can withstand weekly starvation and long-distance migration, adapts to any climate.
External signs of oat flies:
- black shiny body 1.5-2.5 mm long;
- paws are yellow;
- smooth convex back.
The insect larvae are transparent, white in color, as they develop, they become lemon yellow. They harm the developing cereal crop.
Signs of parasitism on oats:
- thickening of the stem;
- stunting growth;
- expansion of sheet plates.
Larvae of oat flies harm stems at the initial stage of development and can cause their death before exiting the tube.
Ways to combat pest:
- spraying the edges of the plot (field) with a solution of chlorophos;
- spraying crops at the summer stage of flies with organophosphorus compounds and pyrethroids.
Prevention of the appearance of oat flies:
- seed treatment before planting with Cruiser or Gaucho;
- dense planting of seeds to increase the percentage of yield in case of damage;
- timely introduction of nitrogen fertilizing;
- sowing winter crops at the beginning of frost, when the oatmeal hibernates.
Also, to protect oats, Ditox, Operkot, Tagore are recommended.
Ground beetle
The pest is widespread in the territories of the Central Black Earth and North Caucasus regions. This is a small beetle of beetles. In addition to oats, wheat, rye, it can also feed on wild cereals (wheatgrass, foxtail).
The body length of the beetle is 12-17 mm, the color is saturated black. Damage to cereal crops is caused by adult beetles and larvae of ground beetle. The period of activity of pests falls at night. They come out of the soil and feed on leaves.
Symptoms of parasitism of ground beetle:
- spoilage of leaves (the beetle chews them with powerful jaws, due to which fibrous lumps remain from them);
- thinning of seedlings of culture.
If bread ground beetles are found, you need to use the systemic and contact-intestinal insecticide Clonrin.
For prophylaxis, before sowing, seeds must be treated with Imidalit universal disinfectant. Other measures aimed at preventing the defeat of cereal crops by ground beetles:
- performing additional cultivation of the soil;
- deep plowing;
- compliance with crop rotation rules.
Thrips
Thrips is a detachment of insects that have small body sizes (no more than 2 mm) and a piercing-sucking mouth apparatus. These are especially persistent pests that multiply rapidly. The pest of cereals is an imago, that is, an adult. Oats are harmful to oat thrips. The color of his body is gray-yellow or gray-brown, the front wings are yellow-gray.
On oats, parasites appear 2–3 weeks before mating. Females lay their eggs on the ears of corn. About a week after laying, larvae hatch from eggs. They harm the culture by sucking juice from the scales. After feeding, the larvae leave in the soil, where they turn into adults.
In addition to causing direct harm to the crop, oat thrips act as carriers of viral diseases of the culture.
Signs of parasitism of oat thrips:
- the acquisition of spikelets of brown color;
- lethargy of grain;
- young grain resembles ripened.
Due to damage by larvae of grain and external leaves, the culture cannot fully ripen.
The main method of pest control is the use of insecticides in case of detection of a high number of thrips: Biotlin, Alatar, Aktara.
Methods for preventing the development of oat thrips:
- deep plowing of soil at the edges of the site;
- the destruction of weeds on which the pest hibernates;
- sowing oats in the early stages (late varieties are prone to attack by a pest 2-4 times more often).
Bed bug bug
The insect belongs to the order Bedbugs, a family of shield turtles. In addition to cereal crops, a harmful bug was also noted on beets. An adult is a bug with a wide body, the length of which is 9-13 mm. Body color can be light brown, gray, black.
Damage to cereals is caused by both adults and larvae. The harmful turtle eats the juice of the plant, which it extracts by piercing the stems with its proboscis.
Symptoms of a parasitic bug:
- stalks do not gouge, gradually die;
- whiteness at a site above the puncture site with a proboscis.
To combat the turtle during the growing season, plants use:
- broad-spectrum insecticide Cyperus;
- contact insecticide Alfachans;
- systemic and contact intestinal insecticide Cletodim Plus Mix.
Preventive measures consist in observing agrotechnical requirements and the technology of cultivation of cereal crops, as well as taking into account the number of pests.
Gray grain scoop
It is the main cereal pest in Western Siberia and the southern part of the Ural region. The insect often affects rye, barley and wheat, but can also parasitize in oat fields. Caterpillars damage grain in ears. Embedding in the ovary, they almost completely eat the grains from the inside.
Outwardly, the result of parasitism of the scoop is the outer shell, which remained instead of grains, filled with the waste products of the insect. In outer grains, deep cavities can be eaten away.
For spraying crops during the growing season, the systemic and contact-intestinal insecticide Clonrin is suitable. A broad-spectrum insecticide, Cyperus, is also suitable.
Agrotechnical preventive techniques:
- timely harvesting as soon as possible and threshing;
- early plowing of the soil;
- destruction of plant debris.
Common Grain Scoop
Lepidoptera representative. An ordinary scoop differs from gray in the presence of a black strip at the base of the front wings. It harms not only cultural, but also wild cereals. An ordinary grain scoop does the most harm when the grain is at the stage of milk-wax maturity. Losses from this pest yield up to 200 kg per hectare during the growing season.
During the growing season, a culture on which an ordinary scoop parasitizes can be sprayed with the systemic insecticide Clonrin, as well as a broad-spectrum insecticide Samurai Super.
Preventive actions:
- timely harvest;
- destruction of plant debris;
- timely spraying of the plot before sowing.
Oat Cyst Nematode
This is a dangerous pest, which, when widely spread, causes significant damage to the cereal crop. Nematodes in the cold season are in the soil at a depth of 10 to 40 cm. At this stage, they are cysts that are filled with eggs. In spring, when the soil warms up to 4 degrees, larvae form in the eggs, which go outside and settle on the young roots of cereal plants.
Symptoms of parasitism of oat nematode:
- stunted plants;
- chlorotic leaves;
- lack of shoots;
- dark and too thick roots located in the upper soil layer.
In late July and early August, white females and cysts painted in brown can be detected with the naked eye in the root system.
With large-scale damage to oats, nematocides are used to combat the nematode. These drugs poison the juice of the plant, which is fed by pests and, therefore, the parasites themselves. The drug Nematodos helps well.
For the prevention of the disease recommend:
- plant calendula near the cereal crop;
- heat the soil before planting oats.
Bread Striped Flea
This pest infects oats so often, but it is difficult to exclude the possibility of its attack on the crop. A bread flea harms plants in the adult beetle stage.
A sexually mature individual is an insect with a body of small length (from 1.2 to 2 mm). The color is black, the head has a greenish or blue color with a metallic tint, yellow stripes are present on the elytra. Adult striped bread fleas gnaw the upper parts of the leaves, and then the entire plate.
Symptoms of parasitism:
- yellow-gray color of crops;
- slowing down the growth and development of culture.
Methods of combating bread-striped flea with large-scale damage to crops are the use of organophosphorus (Fenitrotion, Fozalon) or organochlorine (Hexachloran) preparations. It is especially necessary to carefully process edge bands where the largest number of beetles is concentrated.
Prevention is to carry out such events:
- early sowing;
- compliance with the depth of landing;
- timely feeding in sufficient quantities.
Hessian fly
The pest belongs to the diptera squadron, the gall midge family. This is a dipteran insect that looks like a mosquito. Body length - 2.5-3.5 mm, color - reddish-brown. The Hessian fly is common wherever cereals are grown. Unlike many other parasites, oats are the least harmful.
The best way of prevention is proper post-harvest soil preparation in autumn (stubble peeling, deep plowing).
Grass aphid
A variety of proboscis insects. The pest easily adapts to any conditions. Representatives of cereal aphids have a piercing-sucking mouth apparatus, thanks to which they are able to suck out an amount of juice several times higher than their own weight during the day. During one growing season, about 30 generations of this pest develop.
Sucking the juice from the aboveground organs of cereal crops, aphids degrade the quality of oat grain, causing its filmy. The parasite is particularly harmful in conditions of low humidity.
Ordinary cereal aphid is also dangerous because it acts as a carrier of yellow dwarf viruses and mosaics.
Characteristic symptoms of culture damage:
- discoloration or redness of the areas attacked by the pest;
- drying leaves;
- twisting the top sheet.
To combat this pest of oats, it is recommended to use the chemical method - spraying crops with malathion or phosphamide.
Preventive measures for the development of cereal aphids:
- deep autumnal plowing of the soil;
- early sowing of oats;
- the application of mineral fertilizers in the required quantities;
- moderate use of nitrogen fertilizers, the excess of which can create favorable conditions for the development of pests.
Rye moth
Most often, this pest of cereal crops is found in central Russia. Adults lay eggs at the end of summer on ascending winter crops. Larvae emerging from rye moth eggs devour the core of the stem. Here they stay for the winter. The pest is yellow-brown in color; the hind wings are white.
Symptoms of cereal damage:
- drying panicles eaten by moth;
- the acquisition of white panicles.
To combat moths, insecticides are used that destroy all forms of the pest: eggs, larvae and adults.
Red-breasted drunkard
Pest of leaf crops. Both the larvae and adult individuals of the red-breasted drunkard skeletonize the leaves of oats, as well as other cereals (wheat, corn, rye). An adult is a bug with a green-blue coloration of an elongated body and legs of a yellow-red color. Larvae absorb the flesh of oat leaves.
Symptoms of cereal crop damage:
- deformed leaves;
- drying leaves that turn whitish;
- slowdown, and sometimes complete cessation of plant development.
To cope with the invasion of the red-chested drunkard, they use various pesticides to spray the crop during the growing season:
- Ditox;
- Clonrin;
- Ram.
Preventive actions:
- early sowing of culture;
- deep plowing of the soil after harvesting.
Bread sawfly
This pest is an insect of the order Hymenoptera. An adult is an insect with an elongated body of black-shiny color. The length of the insect reaches 5-10 mm. Larvae parasitizing on stems cause harm to the cereal culture.
Manifestations of infection with a bread sawfly:
- the formation of empty spikelets;
- breaking of stems and their lodging;
- the acquisition of ears of whitish hue.
To spray the affected culture during the growing season, pesticides are used. The systemic and contact-intestinal insecticide Clonrin effectively fights with the bread sawfly.
Preventive measures are:
- deep autumnal plowing of the soil after the previous harvest;
- stubble peeling;
- early sowing culture.
Crusader Beetle
Representative of the winged beetle, a group of bread beetles. Cereals are harmed by adults (adults). The crusader has an average body size (0.9-1.3 cm). Color - black, with a greenish tint. The color of the elytra varies and can be yellow-brown, brown, black with yellow. The beetle eats oat grains.
Spray pests during the growing season of oats with the following chemical pesticides:
- Decis Profi;
- Borea Neo;
- Vantex.
The mechanical way to combat the crusaders is to collect beetles using small-scale mechanization.
For prevention, it is recommended:
- timely treat crops with insecticides;
- stubble during autumn tillage;
- carry out deep autumnal plowing.
Yellow cereal gall midge (wheat mosquito)
Belongs to the family of gall midges, looks like a mosquito. Body length - 1.5-2 mm. Color - bright yellow. The pest is especially common in the forest-steppe and steppe zones of the European and Asian parts of Russia.
Adults lay eggs. Hatching from them, the larvae feed on the ovary, causing damage to the culture. The result of parasitization of yellow cereal gall midge is a decrease in grain mass and void color.
During the growing season, plants can be sprayed with karate zeon.
For prevention, it is recommended:
- handle seedlings with insecticides during the summer phase of adults;
- comply with crop rotation rules;
- to deep plow the soil after harvesting.
Numerous diseases and pests of oats affect the quality and quantity of the crop. To prevent their occurrence is much easier than to cope with their development, especially in unpredictable weather conditions. After harvesting, the field should be properly cultivated and the necessary preventive measures taken before planting a new crop.